Morphemes that change a verb, or other part of speech, into a noun.
locative, temporal, or manner nominalizing prefix
place where ___ OR time when _______
example word |
morphology |
gloss |
---|---|---|
ala + chiwwakíi(aa) + u + ashí |
church |
|
ala + ihká + duushí(ss) + uu |
Easter |
Sáapii díiluk Jews kooté alasheelúua Akbaatatdía alachiwakáauasheesh kuttáchkaatak duu?
Why do you Jews say that the only place where we should pray to God is at the temple in Jerusalem?'
depossessing prefix
allows an inalienable noun to not be possessed
example word |
morphology |
gloss |
---|---|---|
bale + baa + aaxuá + ssee |
clothing |
|
bale + ala + awáachi |
chair |
|
bale + ii + chiweé |
story |
Balewaaaxúasseelak baleammaaIuushéIak ammaaiiwalewilaxpáake baannátchiihaak ii dihchiwaailísheassaalah.
Don't worry about clothes, what you will eat, how you will live, don't be upset these things.
Prefixes, infixes, or suffixes that when added change the meaning of, but are still related to (derived from), the original word.
distributive suffix
here and there; different places, in
example word |
morphology |
gloss |
---|---|---|
redupl. of xalaaá + aahi |
rain, large drops, rain a little here and there |
|
sáashii + aahi + eeta |
sparkling, glittering |
|
shúa (reduplicated) + aahi |
to be black and blue |
Alíianneetaa baaléem iílaaleewisaahim awákaak
Going along the road I saw some cars here and there.
coordinating suffix
even though, even if,
example word |
morphology |
gloss |
---|---|---|
he + htáa |
but |
|
kootá + htaa |
in other words |
|
íkuxxa + aachí + htaa |
at the same time |
Daxpitcheehísshish baaisáakaashissaa koolassáak hehtaa alakoolássee kúh baatcháachik.
Red Bear died while he was still a relatively young man, but the way he died was quite unusual.
Prefixes, infixes, or suffixes that when added change the meaning of, but are still related to (derived from), the original word.
portative
makes a motion verb transitive
example word |
morphology |
gloss |
---|---|---|
aa + basáa |
run a horse in a race, exercise a horse |
|
aa + dáakua |
take home |
|
aa + dasshipí |
exaggerate, go too far |
Hinne sáakeesh koom "hileen baaisáakaashe sáaphiluulak aalasshipúuk hée?" haak.
It was this frog, "What are these great big ones doing, they're going too far," he said.
comitative verb
be with, accompany, add to
example word |
morphology |
gloss |
---|---|---|
áxpa + ii + chiweé |
talk to each other |
|
áxpa + hche |
add to |
|
axpí + akaawá |
sixteen |
Isbáalee axpáwakaawam iichíilataalak déelaa isbáalee axpíluupahpim kan dáakshe diták.
When he was sixteen he stole horses; then when he was eighteen he counted coup.
Auxiliary verbs that incorporate with verb stems to express a necessity or possibility.
A morpheme added to a verb that indicates that an agent, person or thing, causes or allows something to happen. Direct causatives most often combine with stative verbs and the agent directly brings about the effect. Indirect causatives typically combine with active verbs where the agent allows or permits the action to take place.
direct causative suffix
directly bring about effect
example word |
morphology |
gloss |
---|---|---|
úuchi + aa |
to dry |
|
héela + la + aa |
to live among |
|
koos + áhta + aa |
get near |
|
óoshi + aa |
to cook |
|
dáaka + aa |
adopt |
Hinne bía kúk húulaa istamnée baché ii íishuwak isshiiá ii úutcheek.
As for this woman, she came and washed my feet with her tears, she dried them with her hair.
indirect causative suffix
allow, permit
example word |
morphology |
gloss |
---|---|---|
baa + talía + hche CAUS |
harvest |
|
bilihpí + hche |
baptize |
Baaawuússiiak baatalíahkaak eekulushíissuuahtaa, hinne bacheé Jesus akbaakawíihile ko sapíhkaak áxbaaluushik
Even though they do sow or reap or lay aside provisions, this man Jesus favors sinners and eats with them
reflexive
repeated, returning
example word |
morphology |
gloss |
---|---|---|
bilí + chi + biléeli |
go back inside |
|
chi + íkaa |
look over again |
|
chi + dakáa |
drive (vehicle) |
|
áhpaali + chi (infix) |
grow again |
Mr. Latch hinne chóoseesh áaxxeetaa déelitak chichíkaaIitak dahkúk.
Mr. Latch went around this grey and kept looking it over.
A suffix that forms a command or request
plural imperative suffix
create a plural command from a verb
example word |
morphology |
gloss |
---|---|---|
bach-kuxs-aala-h |
help each other! |
|
d-íikukk-aala-h |
listen! |
|
d-íluu-ala-h |
stand! |
Díixaxua diiwaatcháatuuhtaa díishoopuuam diiwuluttúuIak bachkuxsáalah.
All of you are outstanding, but I am picking four of you; help each other!
Morphemes that express a lack of something, or an opposite meaning when added to a word.
Morphemes that typically modify words in terms of time, location, or manner.
habitual suffix (pural)
naturally or regularly reoccurring action
example word |
morphology |
gloss |
---|---|---|
itchi + ilu + k |
they are regularly good |
|
kulée + wia+ ilu + k |
they habitually chase |
Hutbishíshtakaatat báachiia uhpé shiliawatchít biháwuut itchiiluk.
When there is a very little breeze, and the tips of the pine trees make a rustling noise and we fall asleep there, it is good.
Morphemes that indicate amount or quantity when added to a word.
Morphemes added to nouns that express their reference in context. Examples of these in English these are 'the, a, or an'.
Morphemes added to nouns that show their position, (usually location, path, source, or distribution) in relation to other words in the sentence.
postposition
to, towards, from
example word |
morphology |
gloss |
---|---|---|
ammuú + ss + dée |
to descend |
|
báaku + ss + dée |
to go up (as in flying) |
|
awá + ss + páachile |
to push down, oppress |
|
kuss + dée |
go to, be destined for |
Hinne iisáakshikaateesh awán ashísschisshiik huuk.
This young man went back home on foot, they say.
Suffixes that create a statement from a word.
indirect evidential declarative
statement based on circumstatial evidence
example word |
morphology |
gloss |
---|---|---|
kala + shée + sho |
already died |
|
kuleé + litchi + shó |
he/she must have |
|
isítche + sho |
he/she must like |
Ala bachuukéesh kalashéesho kalahúusseesh shíak.
Well, my younger brother must have died, he has not come back for a long time.